Methodological proposal for environmental zoning based on spectral indices in a representative sector of the Llanos Orientales of Colombia

Abstract

The expansion of extensive agricultural practices in the Orinoquia region has caused significant degradation of its ecosystems. In response, it became necessary to collect geographic and multispectral information to characterize the Research and Training Centers (CIC) Matepantano and El Gaván, established by the Universidad de La Salle as representative sites of the region’s land cover and ecosystems. The objective of this study was to develop an environmental zoning methodology based on the biophysical and socioeconomic baseline of these sites, using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and satellite imagery to guide sustainable land-use planning and management. To assess biomass concentration and vegetation cover status, the study employed the Triangular Vegetation Index (TVI), Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Key biophysical variables were categorized, integrated, and weighted within a spatial database in ArcGIS. The results included cartographic products that illustrated the multitemporal behavior of vegetation, allowing classification of the territory into four land-use categories: production-protection areas (39.11%), production (37.24%), protection (19.83%), and expansion (3.82%). Conservation zones predominated due to their ecological value and potential for forest-oriented productive activities. Areas of high environmental relevance were prioritized for strict preservation to safeguard biodiversity and prevent ecosystem disruption. In conclusion, the methodology developed proved effective for environmental planning, demonstrating the value of integrating GIS and remote sensing as key tools in territorial analysis and decision-making.